Gleaming Endeavor - Revision history

Gigermann at 21:09, 16 April 2014

2014-04-16T21:09:07Z

Gigermann at 03:58, 11 April 2014

2014-04-11T03:58:08Z

Gigermann at 19:04, 10 April 2014

2014-04-10T19:04:15Z

Gigermann at 19:03, 10 April 2014

2014-04-10T19:03:32Z

Gigermann at 19:02, 10 April 2014

2014-04-10T19:02:29Z

Gigermann: Gigermann moved page ''Gleaming Endeavor'' to Gleaming Endeavor without leaving a redirect

2014-04-09T22:06:29Z

Gigermann moved page ''Gleaming Endeavor'' to Gleaming Endeavor without leaving a redirect

Gigermann: Created page with "File:Bs-kogge.jpg"

2014-04-09T20:15:43Z

Created page with "File:Bs-kogge.jpg"

New page

[[File:Bs-kogge.jpg]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:09, 16 April 2014
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	* [http://www.fsopt.com/Kogge/kogge.shtml The sailing properties of the Hanse cog in comparison with other cargo sailships]		* [http://www.fsopt.com/Kogge/kogge.shtml The sailing properties of the Hanse cog in comparison with other cargo sailships]
	* [http://www.modelships.de/Museums_and_replicas/Cog_ship_Kampen/Cog_ship_replica_Kampen.htm Pictures of the Kampen cog replica] High resolution photos		* [http://www.modelships.de/Museums_and_replicas/Cog_ship_Kampen/Cog_ship_replica_Kampen.htm Pictures of the Kampen cog replica] High resolution photos
		+	[[Category:Banestorm]][[Category:Gleaming_Endeavor]]

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 ==Design==
-Cogs were characterized by a flush-laid flat bottom at midships but gradually shifted to overlapped [[strake]]s near the posts. They had full [[Clinker (boat building)|lapstrake]] planking covering the sides, generally starting from the bilge strakes, and double-clenched [[iron]] nails for plank fastenings. The [[keel]], or keelplank, was only slightly thicker than the adjacent garboards and had no [[rabbet]]. Both [[stem (ship)|stem]] and [[sternpost|stern posts]] were straight and rather long, and connected to the keelplank through intermediate pieces called hooks. The lower plank hoods terminated in rabbets in the hooks and posts, but upper hoods were nailed to the exterior faces of the posts. [[Caulking]] was generally tarred moss that was inserted into curved grooves, covered with wooden laths, and secured by metal staples called ''sintels''. Finally, the cog-built structure could not be completed without a stern-mounted hanging central rudder, which was a unique northern development.<ref>Hocker, 1991; Crumlin-Pedersen, 2000</ref> Cogs used to have open hulls and could be rowed short distances. In the 13th century they received decks. The most famous example is the [[Bremen cog]].
+Cogs were characterized by a flush-laid flat bottom at midships but gradually shifted to overlapped [[strake]]s near the posts. They had full [[Clinker (boat building)|lapstrake]] planking covering the sides, generally starting from the bilge strakes, and double-clenched [[iron]] nails for plank fastenings. The [[keel]], or keelplank, was only slightly thicker than the adjacent garboards and had no [[rabbet]]. Both [[stem (ship)|stem]] and [[sternpost|stern posts]] were straight and rather long, and connected to the keelplank through intermediate pieces called hooks. The lower plank hoods terminated in rabbets in the hooks and posts, but upper hoods were nailed to the exterior faces of the posts. [[Caulking]] was generally tarred moss that was inserted into curved grooves, covered with wooden laths, and secured by metal staples called ''sintels''. Finally, the cog-built structure could not be completed without a stern-mounted hanging central rudder, which was a unique northern development. Cogs used to have open hulls and could be rowed short distances. In the 13th century they received decks. The most famous example is the [[Bremen cog]].
 ==History==
-Cogs are first mentioned in 948 AD, in [[Muiden]] near Amsterdam. These early cogs were influenced by the Norse [[Knarr]], which was the main trade vessel in northern Europe at the time, and probably used a steering oar, as there is nothing to suggest a stern rudder in northern Europe until about 1240.<ref>[http://www.abc.se/~m10354/mar/cog.htm Description and pictures of cogs]</ref>
+Cogs are first mentioned in 948 AD, in [[Muiden]] near Amsterdam. These early cogs were influenced by the Norse [[Knarr]], which was the main trade vessel in northern Europe at the time, and probably used a steering oar, as there is nothing to suggest a stern rudder in northern Europe until about 1240.
 Current archaeological evidence points to the [[Frisia]]n coast, Western [[Jutland]], as the possible birthplace of this type of vessel. The transformation of the cog into a true seagoing trader came not only during the time of the intense trade between West and East, but also as a direct answer to the closure of the western entrance to the [[Limfjord]]. For centuries, Limfjord in northern Jutland offered fairly protected passage between the [[North Sea]] and the Baltic. Due to unusual geographical conditions and strong currents, the passage was constantly filling with sand and was completely blocked by the 12th century. This change produced new challenges. Bigger ships that could not be pulled across the sand bars had to sail around the Jutland peninsula and circumnavigate the dangerous Cape [[Skagen]] to get to the Baltic. This resulted in major modifications to old ship structures, which can be observed by analyzing evolution of the earliest cog finds of ''Kollerup'', ''Skagen'', and ''Kolding''.
@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 The need for spacious and relatively inexpensive ships led to the development of the first workhorse of the [[Hanseatic League]], the cog. The new and improved cog was no longer a simple Frisian coaster but a sturdy seagoing trader, which could cross even the most dangerous passages. Fore and stern castles would be added for defense against [[pirate]]s, or to enable use of these vessels as warships, such as used at the [[Battle of Sluys]].
-Eventually, around the 14th century, the cog reached its structural limits, resulting in the desperate need for a quick replacement. The replacement, the [[hulk (medieval ship type)|hulk]], already existed but awaited reconditioning. Although there is no evidence that hulks descended from the cogs, it is clear that a lot of technological ideas were adapted from one to the other and vice versa.<ref>Crumlin-Pedersen, 2000</ref> The transition from cogs to hulks was not linear. According to some interpretations, both vessels coexisted for many centuries but followed diverse lines of evolution.<ref>Gardiner & Unger, 1994</ref>
+Eventually, around the 14th century, the cog reached its structural limits, resulting in the desperate need for a quick replacement. The replacement, the [[hulk (medieval ship type)|hulk]], already existed but awaited reconditioning. Although there is no evidence that hulks descended from the cogs, it is clear that a lot of technological ideas were adapted from one to the other and vice versa. The transition from cogs to hulks was not linear. According to some interpretations, both vessels coexisted for many centuries but followed diverse lines of evolution.
 ===Bibliography===

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[File:Bs-kogge.jpg|thumb]]
-A '''cog''' (or '''cog-built''' vessels) is a type of ship that first appeared in the 10th century, and was widely used from around the 12th century on. Cogs were generally built of [[oak]], which was an abundant timber in the [[Baltic region|Baltic]] region of [[Prussia (region)|Prussia]]. This vessel was fitted with a single [[Mast (sailing)|mast]] and a [[square-rigged]] single sail. These vessels were mostly associated with seagoing trade in [[Middle Ages|medieval Europe]], especially the [[Hanseatic League]], particularly in the [[Baltic Sea]] region. They ranged from about 15 meters to 25 meters in length (49 ft to 82 ft) with a beam of 5 to 8 meters (16 ft to 26 ft), and the largest cog ships could carry up to about 200 tons.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hamburg Museum - Medieval Hamburg (4) - The Cog - A Cargo-carrying Vessel of the Middle Ages|url=http://www.hamburgmuseum.de/e/htm_e/neu/t-1og-mittelalter04.html|accessdate=April 5, 2013}}</ref>
+A '''cog''' (or '''cog-built''' vessels) is a type of ship that first appeared in the 10th century, and was widely used from around the 12th century on. Cogs were generally built of [[oak]], which was an abundant timber in the [[Baltic region|Baltic]] region of [[Prussia (region)|Prussia]]. This vessel was fitted with a single [[Mast (sailing)|mast]] and a [[square-rigged]] single sail. These vessels were mostly associated with seagoing trade in [[Middle Ages|medieval Europe]], especially the [[Hanseatic League]], particularly in the [[Baltic Sea]] region. They ranged from about 15 meters to 25 meters in length (49 ft to 82 ft) with a beam of 5 to 8 meters (16 ft to 26 ft), and the largest cog ships could carry up to about 200 tons.
 ==Design==
@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 Eventually, around the 14th century, the cog reached its structural limits, resulting in the desperate need for a quick replacement. The replacement, the [[hulk (medieval ship type)|hulk]], already existed but awaited reconditioning. Although there is no evidence that hulks descended from the cogs, it is clear that a lot of technological ideas were adapted from one to the other and vice versa.<ref>Crumlin-Pedersen, 2000</ref> The transition from cogs to hulks was not linear. According to some interpretations, both vessels coexisted for many centuries but followed diverse lines of evolution.<ref>Gardiner & Unger, 1994</ref>
 ===Bibliography===

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 ==Design==
 Cogs were characterized by a flush-laid flat bottom at midships but gradually shifted to overlapped [[strake]]s near the posts. They had full [[Clinker (boat building)|lapstrake]] planking covering the sides, generally starting from the bilge strakes, and double-clenched [[iron]] nails for plank fastenings. The [[keel]], or keelplank, was only slightly thicker than the adjacent garboards and had no [[rabbet]]. Both [[stem (ship)|stem]] and [[sternpost|stern posts]] were straight and rather long, and connected to the keelplank through intermediate pieces called hooks. The lower plank hoods terminated in rabbets in the hooks and posts, but upper hoods were nailed to the exterior faces of the posts. [[Caulking]] was generally tarred moss that was inserted into curved grooves, covered with wooden laths, and secured by metal staples called ''sintels''. Finally, the cog-built structure could not be completed without a stern-mounted hanging central rudder, which was a unique northern development.<ref>Hocker, 1991; Crumlin-Pedersen, 2000</ref> Cogs used to have open hulls and could be rowed short distances. In the 13th century they received decks. The most famous example is the [[Bremen cog]].
@@ Line 26: / Line 25: @@
 ==External links==
 * [http://www.abc.se/~m10354/mar/cog.htm Description and pictures of cogs]
 * [http://www.fsopt.com/Kogge/kogge.shtml The sailing properties of the Hanse cog in comparison with other cargo sailships]
 * [http://www.modelships.de/Museums_and_replicas/Cog_ship_Kampen/Cog_ship_replica_Kampen.htm Pictures of the Kampen cog replica] High resolution photos

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:02, 10 April 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	[[File:Bs-kogge.jpg]]	+	[[File:Bs-kogge.jpg\|thumb]]
		+	A '''cog''' (or '''cog-built''' vessels) is a type of ship that first appeared in the 10th century, and was widely used from around the 12th century on. Cogs were generally built of [[oak]], which was an abundant timber in the [[Baltic region\|Baltic]] region of [[Prussia (region)\|Prussia]]. This vessel was fitted with a single [[Mast (sailing)\|mast]] and a [[square-rigged]] single sail. These vessels were mostly associated with seagoing trade in [[Middle Ages\|medieval Europe]], especially the [[Hanseatic League]], particularly in the [[Baltic Sea]] region. They ranged from about 15 meters to 25 meters in length (49 ft to 82 ft) with a beam of 5 to 8 meters (16 ft to 26 ft), and the largest cog ships could carry up to about 200 tons.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Hamburg Museum - Medieval Hamburg (4) - The Cog - A Cargo-carrying Vessel of the Middle Ages\|url=http://www.hamburgmuseum.de/e/htm_e/neu/t-1og-mittelalter04.html\|accessdate=April 5, 2013}}</ref>
		+
		+	==Design==
		+	[[Image:Pintle and gudgeon rudder system scheme.svg\|thumb\|right\|180px\|Stern-mounted rudder]]
		+	Cogs were characterized by a flush-laid flat bottom at midships but gradually shifted to overlapped [[strake]]s near the posts. They had full [[Clinker (boat building)\|lapstrake]] planking covering the sides, generally starting from the bilge strakes, and double-clenched [[iron]] nails for plank fastenings. The [[keel]], or keelplank, was only slightly thicker than the adjacent garboards and had no [[rabbet]]. Both [[stem (ship)\|stem]] and [[sternpost\|stern posts]] were straight and rather long, and connected to the keelplank through intermediate pieces called hooks. The lower plank hoods terminated in rabbets in the hooks and posts, but upper hoods were nailed to the exterior faces of the posts. [[Caulking]] was generally tarred moss that was inserted into curved grooves, covered with wooden laths, and secured by metal staples called ''sintels''. Finally, the cog-built structure could not be completed without a stern-mounted hanging central rudder, which was a unique northern development.<ref>Hocker, 1991; Crumlin-Pedersen, 2000</ref> Cogs used to have open hulls and could be rowed short distances. In the 13th century they received decks. The most famous example is the [[Bremen cog]].
		+
		+	==History==
		+	Cogs are first mentioned in 948 AD, in [[Muiden]] near Amsterdam. These early cogs were influenced by the Norse [[Knarr]], which was the main trade vessel in northern Europe at the time, and probably used a steering oar, as there is nothing to suggest a stern rudder in northern Europe until about 1240.<ref>[http://www.abc.se/~m10354/mar/cog.htm Description and pictures of cogs]</ref>
		+
		+	Current archaeological evidence points to the [[Frisia]]n coast, Western [[Jutland]], as the possible birthplace of this type of vessel. The transformation of the cog into a true seagoing trader came not only during the time of the intense trade between West and East, but also as a direct answer to the closure of the western entrance to the [[Limfjord]]. For centuries, Limfjord in northern Jutland offered fairly protected passage between the [[North Sea]] and the Baltic. Due to unusual geographical conditions and strong currents, the passage was constantly filling with sand and was completely blocked by the 12th century. This change produced new challenges. Bigger ships that could not be pulled across the sand bars had to sail around the Jutland peninsula and circumnavigate the dangerous Cape [[Skagen]] to get to the Baltic. This resulted in major modifications to old ship structures, which can be observed by analyzing evolution of the earliest cog finds of ''Kollerup'', ''Skagen'', and ''Kolding''.
		+
		+	The need for spacious and relatively inexpensive ships led to the development of the first workhorse of the [[Hanseatic League]], the cog. The new and improved cog was no longer a simple Frisian coaster but a sturdy seagoing trader, which could cross even the most dangerous passages. Fore and stern castles would be added for defense against [[pirate]]s, or to enable use of these vessels as warships, such as used at the [[Battle of Sluys]].
		+
		+	Eventually, around the 14th century, the cog reached its structural limits, resulting in the desperate need for a quick replacement. The replacement, the [[hulk (medieval ship type)\|hulk]], already existed but awaited reconditioning. Although there is no evidence that hulks descended from the cogs, it is clear that a lot of technological ideas were adapted from one to the other and vice versa.<ref>Crumlin-Pedersen, 2000</ref> The transition from cogs to hulks was not linear. According to some interpretations, both vessels coexisted for many centuries but followed diverse lines of evolution.<ref>Gardiner & Unger, 1994</ref>
		+
		+	==References==
		+	===Footnotes===
		+	<references />
		+
		+	===Bibliography===
		+	* Bass, George F. 1972. ''A History of Seafaring: Based on Underwater Archaeology''. Thames and Hudson Ltd, ISBN 0-500-01077-3
		+	* Crumling-Pedersen, O. 2000. "To be or not to be a cog: the Bremen Cog in Perspective". ''IJNA'' 29.2: 230–246
		+	* Hocker, F. 1991. "Cogge en Coggeschip: Late Trends in Cog Development". Proceedings of 5th Glavimans Symposium on Ship Archaeology. Groningen.
		+	* Gardiner, R. & Unger, R. 1994. ''Cogs, caravels and galleons: the sailing ship, 1000–1650''. Annapolis.
		+
		+	==External links==
		+	{{commons category\|Cog}}
		+	* [http://www.abc.se/~m10354/mar/cog.htm Description and pictures of cogs]
		+	* [http://www.fsopt.com/Kogge/kogge.shtml The sailing properties of the Hanse cog in comparison with other cargo sailships]
		+	* [http://www.modelships.de/Museums_and_replicas/Cog_ship_Kampen/Cog_ship_replica_Kampen.htm Pictures of the Kampen cog replica] High resolution photos

← Older revision	Revision as of 22:06, 9 April 2014
(No difference)